Sixty years after the implementation of Japan’s National Health Insurance system, it is necessary to fundamentally review the state of healthcare in Japan, and to find a path to advance innovation. Experiencing the Covid-19 pandemic reaffirmed the importance of measures to protect the health of the population, including the establishment of healthcare infrastructure and the development of drugs and vaccines. This paper focuses on the pharmaceutical sector, identifying key challenges and examining concrete measures such as drug pricing systems, pharmaceutical regulations, and insurance systems.